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Substantives or Nouns.

As in English, in Spanish there are also Substantives or Nouns to identify people, animals, places, things, and ideas. Nouns are grammatically more important element for several reasons which we will now see the two most important:

• The noun is who runs the actions or verbs
• In complete sentences, also receives the actions

We will see several sentences to reaffirm these concepts:

Peter sings very well. He is singing at the shower.

Peter loves opera.  Opera is a music that requires culture.

The dogs bark when Peter sings opera.

We have identified with the color red, all nouns of those sentences. As the reader can see, nouns were the executors of actions identified and were also used to identify people, animals, places, things and ideas.

Up to this point, we can say that both languages coincide totally in the concept and use of nouns. The revised concepts are basically those of proper noun and common noun and in our examples are identified in the following way:

Peter: Proper Noun. It indicates a person on an individual basis, differentiating it from others. It is written with a capital letter at the beginning.

Shower: Common noun. Indicates a place or location. Only is capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text Common name. Indicates a place or location. Only is capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text.

Opera, music, dogs: Common nouns that refer to things, ideas, and animals. Are only written with a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text.

To delve into other classifications associated with nouns, let us look at the following table:

Substantives or common nouns. Other classifications.
Classified by	English	Español	Comments
Can or can’t be perceived by the senses	Concrete	Concreto	Same concept. No differences
	Abstract	Abstracto
Can or can’t be counted	Count	Contable	Same concept. No differences
	Noncount	Incontable
Used for groups	Collective	Colectivo	Same concept. No differences
Number	Singular	Singular	Same concept. Some differences
	Plural	Plural

 

Are called concrete, substantives or nouns that identify elements that can be: seen, heard, tasted, smelled or touched. This classification also applies to the Spanish. Examples are:

arroz (rice), perro (dog), música (music), perfume (perfum), casa (house).

Obviously, the abstract are nouns that identify elements that exist, but may not be perceived by any of the five senses:

amor (love), política (politic), fuerza (force), conocimiento (knowledge).

Are called count substantives, nouns that apply to elements that can be physically counted for example:

perro (dog), piedra (rock), hombre (man), automóvil (car), lápiz (pencil).

The noncount, describes elements that can not be counted individually:

leche (milk), aire (air), agua (water), arena (sand).

In the case of collective and numbers, we believe that the best way to illustrate the definitions is with the following table:

	Spanish	English	Spanish	English	Spanish	English	Spanish	English
Singular	Vaca	Cow	Jugador	Player	Soldado	Soldier	Alumno	Student
Plural	Vacas	Cows	Jugadores	Players	Soldados	Soldiers	Alumnos	Students
Collective	Rebaño	Herd	Equipo	Team	Ejercito	Army	Escuela	School

 

In this case, the most important rules to consider are the following:

In Spanish, Substantives or nouns that represent collective, are singular nouns and as such must use pronouns and verbs associated. The right thing is to say:

El Equipo juega bien (The Team plays good)

 

and not:

El Equipo juegan bien (The Team play good)

With nouns finishes in vowel (a, e, i, o, u), normally the plural is formed by adding an “s” at the end:

libro (book) – libros (books)     mesa (table) – mesas (tables)

If the last letter of the noun is an “í” or a “ú” with tonic accent, add the “es” ending:

 jabalí (boar)– jabalíes (boars)     bambú (bamboo) – bambúes (bamboos)

With nouns finishes in consonant (d, l, r, z,…), normally the plural is formed by adding the ending “es”:

ordenador (computer) – ordenadores (computers)     animal (animal) – animales (animals)

It is important to note not to change the emphasis on the word, it may be necessary to add or remove a tilde when adding  “es” ending:

examen – exámenes     institución – instituciones

When add “es”, the “z” changes to “c”:

cruz (cross) – cruces (crosses)

With the nouns of nonspanish origin finishes in consonant, the plural is formed by adding “s” or “es”, any of them:

club (club)– clubs/clubes (clubs)

Exceptions

Substantives or Nouns with a final no tonic syllable end in “s” or “x” are unchanged:

el cactus – los cactus     el tórax (thorax)- los tórax (thorax)

But if the final syllable is tonic, the termination “es” shall be added:

autobús (bus) – autobuses (buses)

Most nouns have a singular form and the plural another:

elefante (elephant) – elefantes (elephants)    piscina (pool)– piscinas (pools)

Some are used only in the singular:

el dinero (money), el hambre (hunger)

Some are used only in the plural:

las gafas (lens), las tijeras (scissors), los pantalones (pants)

In these two last examples, the difference makes the grammatical element called Article, which we will see in subsequent Posts.