Prepositions in Spanish.

One of the most used grammatical elements in all Languages are the Prepositions. In English and Spanish Grammars, its definition is very similar and, although in English they have always been more abundant, the number of Prepositions in Spanish has been increasing in time, by the greater Authority of the Spanish Language that is the RAE, Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy).

However, its definition remains unchanged and can be simplified in the following way:

“The preposition is a word that relates to the elements of a sentence and may indicate a relationship between these that define: origin, destination, address, place, time, starting point, reason, location, etc.”
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Although there is no direct correspondence between them, in both Languages there are the so-called Simple Prepositions formed by a single word, and the Composite Prepositions formed by two or more words.

And when we say that there is no direct correspondence, we mean that there are Simple Prepositions in English that can only be expressed by Composite Prepositions in Spanish and vice versa.

The most important difference that the English-speaker must assimilate is that in Spanish there are only 23 Simple Prepositions against the 53 that exist in English.

This means that some Spanish Prepositions are equivalent to several of the English and vice versa, according to the context, which can be confusing if we try to do literal translations instead of applying the Rules of Use.

The most notable Prepositions and their Rules of Use will be reviewed in the following Publications but, for now, we will see the Complete List and its Equivalences.

Simple Prepositions in English and their most usual Spanish equivalents can be seen in the following Table:

Notes:

1. There is not a single Spanish word to express it.
2. Literal translation of the word “as” is “como”, and it is not a Preposition in Spanish but a Conjunction.
3. The words “excepto”, “salvo”  and “pero” are not Prepositions in Spanish but Conjunctions.
4. Prepositions “por” and “para” have many meanings, and they will be study as an special case due the often confusions that cause because both are translated as “for”.

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Parts of the Speech.

In order to understand what are the parts of the speech, we must refresh the concept most basic: sentence, which is the same in Spanish and English:




A sentence or speech is a group of words which expresses a complete thought and must contain, at least, a subject and a verb.

According to the English and Spanish Grammars, the parts of the speech can be nine and their basic definitions, which are also the same for both languages, are:

• Noun: Who executes or receives action.
• Pronoun: Word that replaces the noun.
• Verb: Word that describes the action.
• Adjective: Word that characterizes the noun.
• Adverb: Word that characterizes the verb, adjective or another adverb.
• Preposition: Word that helps relate nouns, verbs or phrases.
• Conjunction: Word that links nouns, sentences or phrases.
• Interjection: Word expressing some kind of feeling or emotion.
• Article: Word that in both, English and Spanish, is used to define a noun as determinate or indeterminate. In Spanish, it is additionally used to specify gender and noun number.

Examples of each part of the speech:

Each of these parts of the sentence and its rules of use are explained in detail in our corresponding Publications, but as examples to better understand their role in syntax, for both languages, we present the following Table:

Notes:

• There are countless of interjections in both languages, but by its feature of being an expression associated to emotions, many of them are common to the English, the Spanish and to all the others languages.
• The articles are a subject that deserves special attention since they represent one of the most notable differences between the English and the Spanish from the point of view of the grammatical syntax.

Building a Sentence.

An example of the concepts seen in the parts of the sentence and its uses is as follows:

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Spanish Adverbs.

In the language of Cervantes, the word “mente” can be translated into English directly as “mind“, and has the same meaning. But this use of that word, is less frequent that which is made of it as suffix to form a great amount of Spanish Adverbs.

Refreshing the concept of adverb.

Both in English and in Spanish, when we want to complement, qualify, quantify, or in general, specify something about a verb, an adjective or another adverb, used grammatical expressions are adverbs. This is the definition that is common to both languages.

However, when we investigate how to make a classification by type, information found for both languages is ambiguous and incomplete, so we decided to “build” a table that includes the consistent information concerning.

Our classification for the English and Spanish adverbs, is the following:

The use of the suffix “mente“.

For almost all the types of adverbs, an of the forms more used in Spanish is formed by the composition of adjectives to which we add the suffix “mente“.

The use is similar to the way in which are built in English adverbs ending in “ly“, and due to the compact and simple grammatical construction, constitute one of the most popular Spanish adverbs types. Here are a few examples:

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Similar but not equal. Homonymous words.

In Spanish, as in English, there is the homonymous words. These are words with similarity of sound or write, but with different meaning.

To differentiate both types of homonymous, in Spanish will make the following definitions:

Homographs words: are those which are written identically but which, according to the context of use, have different meanings.

Homophones: they are those who sound identically but are written differently, and have different meaning.

In the case of these latter, in Spanish is acute and increases the amount, due to several special circumstances:

• Except when it is preceded by the letter “c”, the letter “h” in Spanish is silent or phonetically transparent.
• The letters “b” and “v”, although not should, are pronounced virtually equal in all the countries that speak Spanish.
• The letter “y”, when precedes vowels, sounds the same as the digraph “LL”.
• With rare exceptions, most Spanish speakers, pronounce “z” like “s” letters and, in the cases that precedes the vowel “e” or “i”, the letter “c”.
• There is a fourth case is much less frequent, but that should be mentioned for the purpose of learning the language. It is the use of the letter “k”, which when it precedes vowels sounds the same to:
  • the letter “c” preceding the “a”, “o” and “u”.
  • the combination “qu” preceding the “e” and the “i”.

As the reader must guess, these circumstances not only hinder the learning of a new language, but also constitute a “headache” for many native speakers, which tend to have lots of spelling mistakes when writing, for confusing ones with others throughout his life.

How to learn these homonymous words?

Though very dispersed, there are rules that allow “to find the correct word” in many cases. In others, simply there are that adjust is to the context of the phrase or sentence, as in the English.

In the case of the Homographs, let’s look at the example of the English word “pole”.

pole: to support the power line

pole: for practicing the high jump pole vault

pole: a young tree of right trunk and no branches at the base

pole: for to skiing

pole: for to fish

Another examples would be: “bank”, “crane”, “bow”, “bat”, “fine”  and many others.

But that experience only can be acquired “living” with the language. For now, we only mention a few examples of notable and often used in Spanish:

Homophonous Words.

In the case of the homophonous, can give as an example the following words in English: “new” and “knew”, “here” and “hear” and “two” and “too.

In Spanish, we can take the following examples:

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Exclamation and Question Marks .

One of the questions that appear repeatedly among Spanish speakers who are learning to speak English and among English speakers who are learning to speak Spanish is the difference that have both languages on exclamation and question marks .



In both cases, the Spanish language makes use of signs at the beginning of the expressions, as well as the final signs that are the ones that are used in language English.

In fact, computer keyboards used to Spanish and English, are different, which is necessary because both types of initial signs that are used in Spanish, are signs with “upside down” with respect to the final signs. I.e., in Spanish we have “¿” and “?” for interrogation and “¡” and “!” for admiration.

In general, most of the time we accept these rules as a fact without asking us why, but as in most of the grammatical rules, there are explanations justifying why or not of use in both languages.

Signs of admiration or exclamation.

In the case of signs of admiration, the difference exists basically because the type of intonation used in both languages.

According to RAE, sentences that express emotions such as surprise, joy, enthusiasm, pleasure, sadness, outrage, regret, chagrin, disgust, rage, etc., should be enclosed from the beginning to the end between exclamation, requiring thus, for every phrase that expresses an emotion with different qualifiers.

¡Que linda es esa Muchacha!

How cute is that girl!

Ese olor es muy fuerte, ¡que desagradable!

That smell is very strong, how unpleasant!

¡Tramposo! ¡Deshonesto! ¡No jugare mas contigo!

Cheat! Dishonest! I won’t play with you anymore!

The other use in which the RAE specifies the use of them signs of admiration, is for the interjections or words exclamatory such as:

¡Hola!, Mi nombre es Alan.

Hello!, My name is Alan

¡Adiós! Nos vemos mañana.

Goodbye! See you tomorrow

¡Ay!, Me golpeaste en la cabeza.

Ouch! You hit me on the head

¡Oh! Disculpa, no me di cuenta.

Oh! Sorry, I didn’t realize

Question marks.

In the case of the question marks, the RAE also specifies the use to open and close the interrogative sentence, and although it does not refer to the comparison with the English language, clarifies that the intonation to ask begins since you first start to pronounce the sentence.

It is important to note, that unlike the English, syntax or form of construction of sentences in Spanish, allows the use of a same word order in sentences expressing assertion, question mark and exclamation, differing only by the intonation of the person talking.

Let’s see the use of exclamation and question marks with an example:

Important Tip:

In the case of both languages, speaking, intonation is enough to determine the type of sentence, but in the case of writing and reading, Spanish language requires the first exclamation and question marks to properly interpret the type of sentence.

In this latter case, English Speakers detected the sense questioning starting to read without initial signs, since according to the syntax of English, question forms are:

• Starting the sentence with the verb to be.
• Starting the sentence with the words: Who, Whom, Whose, Why, What, Where, etc.
• Starting the sentence with the auxiliary verbs: to do, to have, would, may, can, etc.

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Genders and Articles

English is also simpler than the Spanish when referring to grammatical management of definite and indefinite Articles. However, in the case of Gender, it is the Spanish who, in some cases, simplifies things. Both concepts, genders and articles, will be explained below.

The Grammatical Gender:

It is called Gender to a grammatical feature they have, in Spanish language, nouns, articles, adjectives, participles and pronouns, which classifies them into two groups: masculine and feminine.

Lack of gender adverbs and verbs (except for participles) and certain number of particles have neuter gender.

Masculine and Feminine words:

Are masculine words in Spanish:

• Most words that end in “o”, but also have masculine gender other words ending in other letters, such as “a” and “e”.
•  Rivers, mountains, volcanoes, isthmuses, channels: el Nile, el Amazonas, los Himalayas.
•  The cyclones, including hurricanes, typhoons and tropical storms: el Gustav, el Hanna.
•  The months and days of the week.
• Most of the winds (except for “la brisa“, the Breeze).
• Musical notes: el la (la), el fa bemol (flat fa).
• The augmentative finished in ‘on’ applied to things, even if they result from feminine word: el mesón  “the big table” (la mesa “table”), el notición “the big news” (la noticia “news”).
• The names of the cardinal points: el Norte (North), el Sur (South), el Este (East) and el Oeste (West).
• The numbers: el tres (three), el cinco (five), el 93.

Are Feminine words:

• Most of the words that end in “a”. Also have feminine genre other words ending in other letters, such as “o” and “e”.
• The letters: la hache (h), la “o”.

There are names ending in “a” which are sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, according to the sense in which they are used: el Cura (priest), is masculine and feminine in the other meanings: la cura (cure), el cometa (comet) is masculine as celestial body, and feminine: la cometa (kite) as a toy for children.

Article Definition:

In Spanish, as in English, the Article is a type of grammatical element that identifies a substantive and accurate if it is determined or undetermined.

In the case of Determined Articles, which makes a very important difference is the magic word: “the“.

When we say that ‘the’ is a magic word, we refer, for example, because that is the only article of the English language, and is used for expressions of both genders and for the singular and the plural. Is required to use the following specific items in Spanish:

• • El: masculine singular → el perro esta ladrando → the dog is barking
  • La: feminine singular → la mañana está muy fría → the morning is very cold
  • Los: masculine plural → debo alimentar a los perros → I should feed the dogs
  • Las: feminine plural → Yo camino en las mañanas → I walk in the mornings

Something similar happens with indeterminate or indefinite articles. As in English, used to refer to something not determined or undefined. Are used in English: “a” and “an” based on the first letter of the next word, to avoid phonetic difficulties, but its use is not dependent on gender or of number.

In Spanish, the indeterminate or indefinite articles are:

• • Un (masculine singular) → un hombre → a man
  • Una (feminine singular) → una mujer → a woman
  • Unos (masculine plural) → unos hombres → some men
  • Unas (feminine plural) → unas mujeres → some women

Let us give you some examples for to illustrate about genders and Articles, making a comparison between Spanish and English substantives:

• Neutral Article: It has no gender and is used to nominalize adjectives or subordinate sentences that beginning with “que” and before adjectives that characterize a noun. In Spanish there is a neutral article “lo“, and in English appears again the magic word “the” and the word “what” to play the role of neutral Articles:

• • Quédate con lo bueno. → Stay with the good.
  • Llévate lo mejor. → Take the best.
  • Escoge lo que tú quieras. → Choose what you want.
  • Dime lo que piensas. → Tell me what you think.

• Contract Article: is formed when the article “el” go together with the prepositions “a” (to) and “de” (from) when speaking of places or locations. In Spanish there are two items which contracts in both cases have an equivalent of the English expression formed by two words: “to the” and “from the“:

• • Al (a + el): Yo voy al cine a ver una película → I go to the cinema to see a movie

Nosotros vamos juntos al bosque → We go together to the forest

• • Del (de + el): Nosotros somos del Norte → We are from the North

Yo vengo del segundo piso → I come from the second floor

If you have any questions regarding Genders and Articles, contact us via e-mail or through the comments of the corresponding Post, and with great pleasure we will help you to clarify it.

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Substantives or Nouns.

As in English, in Spanish there are also Substantives or Nouns to identify people, animals, places, things, and ideas. Nouns are grammatically more important element for several reasons which we will now see the two most important:

• The noun is who runs the actions or verbs
• In complete sentences, also receives the actions

We will see several sentences to reaffirm these concepts:

Peter sings very well. He is singing at the shower.

Peter loves opera.  Opera is a music that requires culture.

The dogs bark when Peter sings opera.

We have identified with the color red, all nouns of those sentences. As the reader can see, nouns were the executors of actions identified and were also used to identify people, animals, places, things and ideas.

Up to this point, we can say that both languages coincide totally in the concept and use of nouns. The revised concepts are basically those of proper noun and common noun and in our examples are identified in the following way:

Peter: Proper Noun. It indicates a person on an individual basis, differentiating it from others. It is written with a capital letter at the beginning.

Shower: Common noun. Indicates a place or location. Only is capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text Common name. Indicates a place or location. Only is capitalized at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text.

Opera, music, dogs: Common nouns that refer to things, ideas, and animals. Are only written with a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence or in a title of a text.

To delve into other classifications associated with nouns, let us look at the following table:

Are called concrete, substantives or nouns that identify elements that can be: seen, heard, tasted, smelled or touched. This classification also applies to the Spanish. Examples are:

arroz (rice), perro (dog), música (music), perfume (perfum), casa (house).

Obviously, the abstract are nouns that identify elements that exist, but may not be perceived by any of the five senses:

amor (love), política (politic), fuerza (force), conocimiento (knowledge).

Are called count substantives, nouns that apply to elements that can be physically counted for example:

perro (dog), piedra (rock), hombre (man), automóvil (car), lápiz (pencil).

The noncount, describes elements that can not be counted individually:

leche (milk), aire (air), agua (water), arena (sand).

In the case of collective and numbers, we believe that the best way to illustrate the definitions is with the following table:

In this case, the most important rules to consider are the following:

In Spanish, Substantives or nouns that represent collective, are singular nouns and as such must use pronouns and verbs associated. The right thing is to say:

El Equipo juega bien (The Team plays good)

and not:

El Equipo juegan bien (The Team play good)

With nouns finishes in vowel (a, e, i, o, u), normally the plural is formed by adding an “s” at the end:

libro (book) – libros (books)     mesa (table) – mesas (tables)

If the last letter of the noun is an “í” or a “ú” with tonic accent, add the “es” ending:

 jabalí (boar)– jabalíes (boars)     bambú (bamboo) – bambúes (bamboos)

With nouns finishes in consonant (d, l, r, z,…), normally the plural is formed by adding the ending “es”:

ordenador (computer) – ordenadores (computers)     animal (animal) – animales (animals)

It is important to note not to change the emphasis on the word, it may be necessary to add or remove a tilde when adding  “es” ending:

examen – exámenes     institución – instituciones

When add “es”, the “z” changes to “c”:

cruz (cross) – cruces (crosses)

With the nouns of nonspanish origin finishes in consonant, the plural is formed by adding “s” or “es”, any of them:

club (club)– clubs/clubes (clubs)

Exceptions

Substantives or Nouns with a final no tonic syllable end in “s” or “x” are unchanged:

el cactus – los cactus     el tórax (thorax)- los tórax (thorax)

But if the final syllable is tonic, the termination “es” shall be added:

autobús (bus) – autobuses (buses)

Most nouns have a singular form and the plural another:

elefante (elephant) – elefantes (elephants)    piscina (pool)– piscinas (pools)

Some are used only in the singular:

el dinero (money), el hambre (hunger)

Some are used only in the plural:

las gafas (lens), las tijeras (scissors), los pantalones (pants)

In these two last examples, the difference makes the grammatical element called Article, which we will see in subsequent Posts.

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In Spanish, as in English, the word accent has more than one interpretation. To not get into too deep grammatical issues, we can include the definition of accent in any of the following classifications:

Types of Accent:

Graphic accent: it is the sign of writing or “tilde” that is placed over the vowel letters for stand out the intonation of the voice over these.

Diacritic accent: the “tilde” used in certain vowels in some words it is to differentiate the meanings of the same word, either article, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, etc..

Lexical accent: it is the articulation of the voice to emphasize a syllable from the rest.

These three types of accent in Spanish, are summarized in one only when we seek their equivalence in English, and it is the term, grammatically speaking, stress (also known as emphasis or intonation). In fact, in a simplified manner, we can consider that in English only exists, the lexical accent.

The other interpretation which has the term accent, both in Spanish and English, is associated with sociolinguistics, and it is nothing more than the different intonations characteristic of one or more persons of a same origin, regions or countries, other than our own.

In this Post, we’ll only talk about the three grammatical accents and leave the issue of socio-linguistic accent for the Posts associated with the different ways in which, the Spanish-speaking people of different countries, speak Spanish.

Our Tips associated with the accentuation in Spanish are as follows:

• In Spanish, as in English, the words can be classified according to syllable in which have the greater phonetic emphasis. The words that carry the intonation on the last syllable, are called “agudas” (oxytones), carrying the phonetic emphasis on the penultimate syllable are called “llanas” (paroxytones) and words which carry the phonetic emphasis in the antepenultimate syllable are called “esdrújulas” (proparoxytones).
• Unlike in English, in Spanish there are words with phonetic emphasis on the preantepenultimate syllable and they are called “sobreesdrujulas”.

• In English, it is more important to proper intonation of the stressed syllable in the sentence than in Spanish, where most importance is the emphasis on the syllable within the word. Moreover, the importance is accentuated by the ratio between the number of words of each kind in the Spanish vocabulary. The numbers are: 78% paroxytones (llanas), 18% in oxytones (agudas) and 4% between proparoxytones (esdrújulas and sobreesdrújulas). In English, this proportion is very different because there are very few oxytones and proparoxytones. The percentages are 94% paroxytones, 4% oxytones and 2% proparoxytones.
• In Spanish, unlike English, there are many words that the meaning changes according to changes in the location of the stressed syllable. This happen at the point that there are numerous words of three syllables that have three different meanings depending on the syllable where they have the phonetic emphasis. Here you can see some examples:

Ánimo (mood)                        Animo (animate)                 Animó (encouraged)

Lúbrico (lubricious)               Lubrico (lubricate)             Lubricó (lubricates)

Cálculo (calculation)              Calculo (calculate)              Calculó (calculated)

Práctico (practical)                 Practico (practice)               Practicó (practiced)

• To a lesser degree, but equally important, is the case of two-syllable words that change their meaning by varying the stressed syllable, whether or not they have graphic accent. For example:

papa (potato)                         papá (dad)

pelo (hair)                               peló (peeled)

bebe (drink)                            bebé (baby)

firme (firm)                             firmé ( I signed)

• An excellent summary of the rules of accentuation in Spanish (explained in English) can be found at the following Video:

• Finally, we want to offer you a listing of the combinations of keys to press on your keyboard in English, to get the letters with accent making use of standard ASCII characters:

ALT + 160 = á

ALT + 130 = é

ALT + 161 = í

ALT + 162 = ó

ALT + 163 = ú

ALT + 164 = ñ

ALT + 165 = Ñ

ALT + 0193 = Á

ALT + 0201 = É

ALT + 0205 = Í

ALT + 0211 = Ó

ALT + 0218 = Ú

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